The correct answer is D. shift of population to urban centers.
Step-by-step explanation
Industrialization was a socio-economic phenomenon that occurred from the 18th century onwards that allowed the transition from manual production to mass production using machinery. The epicenter of this movement occurred in England and then spread throughout Europe: the Industrial Revolution was characterized by the great displacement of people from rural areas to urban areas (which were growing) in search of job opportunities in factories, while the work of the field was less valued during this time. Therefore, the correct answer is D. Shift of population to urban centers.