One thing that has helped to perpetuate inequality in South America from colonial times until today is the persistence of social hierarchies and class systems.
During colonial times, South America was divided into a number of distinct social classes, with the Spanish colonizers at the top and indigenous and African slaves at the bottom. This social hierarchy persisted after independence, and many countries in South America continue to be marked by significant income and wealth inequality.
Other factors that have contributed to the persistence of inequality in South America include historical patterns of economic exploitation, discrimination against marginalized groups, and the concentration of political and economic power in the hands of a small elite. These factors have all played a role in shaping the economic and social landscape of the region and have contributed to the ongoing challenges faced by many people in South America.