Final answer:
Anger can temporarily calm us if it doesn't result in guilt or anxiety, owing to the short-term burst of energy provided by hormones released during the fight-or-flight response.(Option d)
Step-by-step explanation:
Expressing anger can temporarily calm us if it does not leave us feeling guilty or anxious. During a stressful situation, our body engages the fight-or-flight response, primarily mediated by the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
The release of hormones like epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) from the adrenal glands leads to an increased heart rate, breathing rate, muscle contractions, and blood glucose levels. These hormones provide a burst of energy needed in the short term. However, if anger expression is associated with long-term guilt or anxiety, the associated chronic stress can have detrimental effects on health due to prolonged exposure to stress hormones such as cortisol.