Answer: The Indus River Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, existed from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE and extended from modern-day northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India. The civilization is often separated into three phases: the Early Harappan Phase from 3300 to 2600 BCE, the Mature Harappan Phase from 2600 to 1900 BCE, and the Late Harappan Phase from 1900 to 1300 BCE.
The Indus River Valley people were known for their standardized weights and measures, seal carving, and metallurgy with copper, bronze, lead, and tin. They were also known for their personal cleanliness, town planning, construction of burnt-brick houses, ceramics, casting, forging of metals, and manufacturing of cotton and woollen textiles. The society was predominantly matriarchal, and there were strong family organizations among the people. Social amusements included hunting wild animals, bullfighting, fishing, and clay modelling.
However, little is understood about the Indus script, and as a result, little is known about the Indus River Valley Civilization’s institutions and systems of governance. The civilization likely ended due to climate change and migration.