Final answer:
The concept not associated with the Enlightenment period is that 'monarchs derive their authority from a divine source and are thus exempt from obeying national laws'. This idea of divine rule, which implies that monarchs are not accountable to their people, contradicts Enlightenment values of individual rights and accountable governance.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Enlightenment period was a time in history when individual rights, the consent of the governed, and the replaceability of unjust rulers were all widely promoted. These themes were core to Enlightenment theories, as seen in the works of philosophers like John Locke who asserted that governments must respect natural law and individuals' inalienable rights.
However, the concept that monarchs derive their authority from a divine source and are thus exempt from obeying national laws is not associated with the Enlightenment period. This is termed as the 'Divine Right of Kings' and contrasts with Enlightenment values, as it endorses unchecked monarchical rule free from public accountability, not consistent with Enlightenment ideals of governmental accountability and human rights.
The argument for divine rule asserts that monarchy is a god-given institution, where the king or queen is answerable to God alone, a concept that the Enlightenment thinkers challenged. Therefore, among the choices provided, answer choice (b) is the concept not associated with the Enlightenment period.
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