Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
1. **Competition for Colonies in the New World:**
During the Age of Exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries, European powers engaged in intense rivalry over the colonization of the New World. Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands were among the major contenders. The race to establish colonies led to conflicts and disputes over territory. For example, Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 to divide newly discovered lands outside Europe between them. However, this didn't prevent disputes and competition, including Spain's colonization of parts of the Americas and the Philippines. Later, England and France became fierce rivals in North America, competing for control of territories like the Ohio River Valley and Canada. These rivalries played a significant role in shaping the history of the Americas.
2. **Scramble for Africa:**
In the late 19th century, European powers engaged in the Scramble for Africa, a race to colonize and control African territories. This intense international rivalry was driven by economic interests, the desire for resources, and a sense of national prestige. European powers, including Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, and Italy, carved up Africa into colonies and spheres of influence. This led to clashes, tensions, and, in some cases, military conflicts among European nations. For instance, the Fashoda Incident in 1898 saw a confrontation between British and French forces in Sudan, nearly escalating into war. The Scramble for Africa had profound consequences for the African continent, as it resulted in colonial exploitation, the redrawing of borders, and the suppression of local cultures and traditions.