Answer:
The correct answer is: D. All of the above.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to the American Heart Association (AHA), all of the options listed can prevent cardiovascular disease.
A. Behavioural targets of change:
Change in lifestyle and behaviour is an integral part of preventing cardiovascular disease.
B. Community implementation of intervention:
Communities should be involved in the implementation of interventions aimed at preventing cardiovascular disease.
C. Essential public health services:
Essential public health services need to be in place to allow for direct prevention and management of cardiovascular disease.
D. All of the above:
Therefore, all of the options listed can have a role in preventing cardiovascular disease, and it is important to address all of these factors to achieve optimal outcomes.