One major factor that played a significant role in European empires' ability to capture African territory in the 19th century was the technological and military superiority of European powers.
During the 19th century, European countries underwent significant industrial and technological advancements, which gave them a significant advantage over many African societies. European nations had advanced weaponry, such as firearms, cannons, and machine guns, as well as superior transportation and communication systems, including steamships and telegraphs. These technological advantages allowed European powers to project their military force over long distances and effectively control and conquer African territories.
Furthermore, European powers often exploited existing divisions and conflicts within African societies to their advantage. They played different African groups against each other, forming alliances with certain groups while undermining others, which further weakened resistance to European expansion.
Additionally, many European countries adopted imperialistic policies driven by economic and political motivations. They sought to extract valuable resources, establish trade routes, and gain geopolitical influence in Africa. This led to the carving up of Africa during the "Scramble for Africa," where European powers competed to claim territories and establish colonial rule.
The combination of technological superiority, military prowess, and imperialistic ambitions allowed European empires to exert control over large parts of Africa during the 19th century, leading to the era of European colonialism in Africa.
I hope this helped!
~~~Harsha~~~