Answer:
C. Mutation, genetic drift, selection, and gene flow
Step-by-step explanation:
Mutation: Mutations are random changes in the DNA sequence of an organism's genes. They introduce genetic variations into populations, which can be inherited by future generations and contribute to evolutionary change.
Genetic drift: Genetic drift refers to the random fluctuations in allele frequencies within a population due to chance events. It can have a significant impact on small populations and can lead to the loss or fixation of certain alleles over time.
Selection: Natural selection is the process by which certain heritable traits become more or less common in a population based on their effect on survival and reproduction. Traits that provide advantages for survival and reproductive success are more likely to be passed on to future generations.
Gene flow: Gene flow refers to the movement of genes from one population to another through the migration of individuals. It introduces new genetic material into a population and can result in the exchange of genetic variations, influencing the overall genetic diversity of populations.