Capital markets are said to be efficientwhen security prices swiftly and precisely reflect all publicly available information regarding a specific security or market.In an efficient capital market, the costs of obtaining information are reflected in security prices.
This means that if one individual has information that could be used to determine a security's price or future performance, that information is rapidly and accurately incorporated into that security's price.If capital markets are not efficient, it would imply that the prices of securities in the market do not reflect the current and accurate information about that security. The repercussions of an inefficient capital market are substantial. When the market does not correctly reflect information, it creates a chance for investors to earn money. As a result, people are hesitant to invest in the market because they fear that their investments will not generate a reasonable return.To operate effectively, an efficient capital market must meet a variety of criteria, including: The quality of information available to investors is of high quality, with publicly available information quickly and easily accessible to market participants. Also, there must be fair competition with no significant investors able to manipulate the market to their advantage, and low transaction costs that must be reflective of the amount of work required to bring a security to the market. Additionally, participants in the market must all be operating in their self-interest, and there should be no inherent bias that could influence market efficiency. Lastly, there must be no external shocks or unexpected events that can disrupt the market, leading to the possibility of inefficiency.
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