Answer:
a. The theoretical probability of drawing a spade from a standard deck of cards is 13/52, which reduces to 1/4, or 0.25, or 25%.
b. The theoretical probability of drawing a face card (jack, queen, or king) from a standard deck of cards is 12/52, which reduces to 3/13, or approximately 0.231, or 23.1%.
c. The theoretical probability of drawing a non-face card from a standard deck of cards is 40/52, which reduces to 10/13, or approximately 0.769, or 76.9%.
d. The theoretical probability of drawing a black jack from a standard deck of cards is 2/52, which reduces to 1/26, or approximately 0.038, or 3.8%.
e. The theoretical probability of drawing a red or black card from a standard deck of cards is 52/52, which reduces to 1/1, or 100%.
f. The theoretical probability of drawing a red face card from a standard deck of cards is 6/52, which reduces to 3/26, or approximately 0.115, or 11.5%.