Answer:
What did Enlightenment thinkers call for?
Enlightenment thinkers called for the use of reason, individual rights, and the application of the scientific method to understand and improve society.
The Scientific Revolution
What three things converged to create the Scientific Revolution?
The three things that converged to create the Scientific Revolution were the development of experimental methods, the mathematical advances made during the Renaissance, and the growth of knowledge due to exploration and travel.
How does one define “inductive reasoning”?
Inductive reasoning is a logical process in which general conclusions are drawn from specific observations or evidence.
What are all the types of “idols” Bacon argues against?
Bacon argues against four types of idols: idols of the tribe, idols of the cave, idols of the marketplace, and idols of the theatre.
How does one define “deductive reasoning”?
Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which specific conclusions are drawn from general principles or premises.
What were Descartes’ rules for reasoning?
Descartes' rules for reasoning were to accept only what is certain and indubitable, to divide complex problems into simpler parts, to proceed from simple to complex, and always to review the process of reasoning to avoid errors.
The Enlightenment
What, according to Enlightenment thinkers, were natural laws and natural rights?
According to Enlightenment thinkers, natural laws were universal principles that governed the physical and social world. Natural rights were inherent to all individuals and included rights such as liberty, property, and equality.
Explain the concept of “tabula rasa” that Locke put forward. Where would he stand on the “nature vs. nurture” debate?
The concept of "tabula rasa" means "blank slate" and suggests that individuals are born without innate knowledge or ideas and that their knowledge and ideas are derived from experience and education. Locke would stand on the nurture side of the "nature vs. nurture" debate.
How would you define the idea of a “social contract” and what would be required of individuals in this system? Can you give an example?
The idea of a social contract is that individuals surrender some of their Constitution rights and freedoms in exchange for protection and benefits provided by the government. In this system, individuals are required to obey the laws and contribute to the common good. An example of a social contract would be the Constitution of the United States.
What was the main difference between Hobbes and Locke?
The main difference between Hobbes and Locke was their view of human nature. Hobbes believed humans were naturally selfish and violent and required a strong government to keep them in check. Locke believed that humans were naturally rational and moral and that government should protect their natural rights.
Montesquieu and Jefferson
What was Montesquieu a proponent of that is directly related to the Constitution of the United States?
Montesquieu was a proponent of the separation of powers, which is directly related to the Constitution of the United States.
In the Declaration of Independence, what did “the people” refer to?
In the Declaration of Independence, "the people" referred to the citizens of the United States who had the right to govern themselves.
Enlightenment and the Rights of Women
What did Mary Wollstonecraft attack in her work “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”?
Mary Wollstonecraft attacked the notion that women were inferior to men and argued that they should have equal rights and opportunities.
What did she see as some of the methods men used to keep women subordinated or “in their place”?
Mary Wollstonecraft saw that men used various methods to keep women subordinate, such as denying them education, restricting their access