Answer:
Neuman (2013) identifies four types of designs in qualitative research:
1. Ethnographic design: This design involves the in-depth study of a particular culture or group of people. Researchers immerse themselves in the group being studied to gain a deeper understanding of their beliefs, values, and practices. The focus is on observing and documenting the behavior of the group rather than testing hypotheses.
2. Phenomenological design: This design involves studying the subjective experiences of individuals. Researchers seek to understand the meaning of a particular experience to individuals or a group of people. The focus is on exploring how people make sense of their experiences, and the emotions and feelings associated with those experiences.
3. Grounded theory design: This design involves the development of theories based on data that emerges from the study itself. Researchers collect data through interviews, observations, and other methods, and then use that data to develop theories that explain the phenomena being studied.
4. Case study design: This design involves the in-depth study of a particular individual, group, or organization. Researchers collect data through multiple methods, such as interviews, observations, and document analysis, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the case being studied. The focus is on understanding the unique characteristics of the case, and how they relate to broader social phenomena.
Each design has its own unique approach to collecting and analyzing data, and researchers may choose a particular design based on their research question, theoretical framework, and the nature of the phenomenon being studied.