Final answer:
The internal podalic version is an obsolete obstetric procedure where a fetus was manually turned to a feet or buttocks-first position inside the womb to facilitate childbirth, a method that has been largely replaced by cesarean section.
Step-by-step explanation:
The internal podalic version is a medical procedure that was used in obstetrics during complicated childbirths, specifically when non-cephalic presentations (breech or transverse lie) were involved. The procedure entailed a physician manually turning the fetus inside the womb to a podalic presentation (feet or buttocks first) to facilitate a better delivery outcome, potentially followed by a delivery via the feet or breech extraction. Nowadays, it is rarely used due to its risk profile and the availability of safer alternatives like cesarean section.
During childbirth, various stages and procedures are critical. While the expulsion is the second stage of childbirth where the mother pushes to deliver the baby, an episiotomy is an incision made in the vaginal area to ease the delivery. Fertilization is the unification of male and female gametes that occurs prior to pregnancy, and the foramen ovale is a fetal cardiac structure allowing blood to bypass the non-functioning fetal lungs.