Final answer:
"Apparent" alcohol consumption is estimated based on alcohol sales over a period. This estimation doesn't directly represent the actual intake by individuals due to varying factors such as unreported consumption. BAC is a more precise indicator of alcohol's immediate effect on an individual.
Step-by-step explanation:
"Apparent" alcohol consumption is based on alcohol sales during a given year (option c). This measure does not directly reflect actual consumption by individuals, as it does not account for factors such as unrecorded consumption or waste. It's a way of estimating alcohol consumption in a population based on the amount of alcohol that is distributed in the market.
The immediate effect of alcohol depends on the drinker's blood alcohol concentration (BAC). BAC can be different for each person depending on their age, sex, pre-existing health condition, among other factors, even if they drink the same amount of alcohol. Alcohol intoxication typically begins after consuming two or more alcoholic drinks, and diagnosis is usually based upon history of events and physical examination.
Various lifestyle and social factors influence alcohol consumption. For instance, a social situation where heavy drinking is common or personality traits such as impulsiveness can increase the risk of higher alcohol intake. Moreover, societal views and the stigma associated with drinking can affect a person's decision to consume alcohol. Although the positive effects of alcohol, like social lubrication and potential health benefits for moderate drinkers, are noted, there are also significant negative consequences associated with heavy drinking, including impaired coordination, judgment, and increased risk of various health problems and societal issues.