Final answer:
The term 'Indios alzados' describes indigenous groups in Spanish colonies who resisted Spanish control and faced exploitation during the colonial period. Uprisings led by figures like Túpa Amaru II and Miguel Hidalgo exemplified the resistance against Spanish rule and the desire for social reform. These movements were part of broader struggles for independence and equality that marked the era.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term Indios alzados refers to indigenous peoples in the Spanish colonies who resisted and existed outside of Spanish control. Throughout the colonial period, there were notable uprisings as the indigenous populations and those of mixed heritage faced exploitation and mistreatment under Spanish rule. These uprisings occurred across different regions and were fueled by various grievances including forced labor, cultural suppression, and excessive taxation.
Distinguished figures such as Túpa Amaru II in Peru led large-scale rebellions, while religious leaders like Miguel Hidalgo initiated movements for independence and social reform in New Spain (Mexico). These revolts, although largely unsuccessful in achieving lasting independence, significantly challenged the colonial system and sometimes resulted in temporary concessions or changes in policy.
In the first few decades of the nineteenth century, the desire for change boiled over into revolutionary fervor. Insurrectionists like Hidalgo commanded armies comprising a significant number of Indigenous and mestizo participants. These movements were directed not just against Spanish authorities but also against the broader social and economic systems that had marginalized vast segments of the population.