Final answer:
Diabetes mellitus results in the accumulation of fatty acids and ketone bodies in the blood, weight loss, inability to produce or respond to insulin, and the necessity for insulin or medication. The correct answer to the question is E. all of the above.
Step-by-step explanation:
In diabetes mellitus, a combination of factors leads to hyperglycemia, ketosis, and weight loss. As the body is unable to effectively utilize glucose due to a lack of insulin production by the pancreas or resistance to insulin's effects, cells start using alternative sources of energy such as fats.
This metabolic shift towards the use of fats causes fatty acids and ketone bodies to accumulate in the blood, leading to a state known as ketoacidosis. Consequently, there is an increased production of ketone bodies by the liver, which in excess, results in their accumulation (ketonemia) and spillage into urine (ketonuria), referred to as diabetic ketosis.
The presence of excess glucose and ketone bodies in the urine contributes to dehydration and polyuria, often manifesting in significant weight loss. Therefore, management of diabetes often requires insulin therapy or medication to improve the body's response to insulin.
In summary, all the options A through E correctly describe different aspects of diabetes mellitus. They represent the biochemical alterations, the clinical manifestations, and the required medical interventions associated with this chronic condition. Hence, the correct answer to the student's question would be E.