Final answer:
Humans differ from their non-human primate relatives in cognitive abilities and social complexities due to our larger brains, and in physical adaptations like bipedalism that allows for greater dexterity and tool use.
Step-by-step explanation:
Humans differ from their non-human primate relatives primarily in terms of their enhanced cognitive capabilities and advanced social behaviors. While non-human primates exhibit a variety of behaviors that can be seen as precursors to human culture, such as the use of tools and complex social interactions, humans have developed culture to a much higher complexity. This is, in part, due to our larger and more complex brain which enhances our capacity for abstract thought, problem-solving, and technological advances. Furthermore, humans have a disproportionate emphasis on vision over smell, and human social structures are vastly more complex, often featuring intricate language systems, formalized institutions, and symbolic practices that are transmitted across generations. In terms of physical traits, humans are bipedal with an upright posture that frees the hands for tool use and other manipulations, which has allowed for the development of precise dexterity. In contrast, most non-human primates have adaptations more suited for arboreal life, such as prehensile tails or elongated limbs for brachiation. This anatomical difference is also reflective of the divergent environmental adaptations between humans and their primate relatives.