Final answer:
The correct answer is Option 4: They changed the 'N' to 'national' from 'Non-violent' and excluded white members.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) underwent significant changes over time, primarily in the late 1960s. Initially formed as a key organization in the Civil Rights Movement, the SNCC was known for its commitment to nonviolence and direct action. By the late 1960s, however, there was a shift in ideology within the organization. The SNCC, under the leadership of figures like Stokely Carmichael, began to embrace the principles of Black Power. This was a response to the increasing frustration with slow progress on civil rights and the feeling that nonviolent tactics were not yielding the desired results.
In 1966, Stokely Carmichael became the chairman of SNCC and introduced the term 'Black Power' to express a new militant ethos. They advocated for black self-reliance and the formation of black political and economic institutions. This shift led to a significant change in the SNCC where Option 4 reflects accurately: They changed the 'N' to 'national' from 'Nonviolent' and excluded white members, effectively transforming the organization into an all-Black one. This was reflective of a wider shift towards Black nationalism over interracial activism and a move away from earlier cooperation with white volunteers and activists.
The SNCC's departure from nonviolent protest marked a divisive turning point in its history. By 1972, the organization had ceased to exist as an interracial civil rights group and was greatly diminished in influence. The change reflected broader trends within the civil rights movement, as the enthusiasm for nonviolent mass resistance was replaced by more complex challenges of addressing systemic inequality and empowerment for African Americans.