Final answer:
Consequentialist theories define the moral rightness of an action based on its consequences, aiming for the greatest good for the most people. Utilitarianism and Mohism are examples of consequentialist theories that contrast with deontological theories, which focus on moral duties and the intrinsic nature of actions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Consequentialist Theories
Consequentialist theories are centered on the principle that the moral rightness of an action is determined by its consequences. They suggest that an action is morally right if it leads to the greatest overall good, or benefit, for the greatest number of people. Rooted in this belief is utilitarianism, a well-known consequentialist theory which posits that the best action is one that maximizes utility, typically defined as that which produces the greatest well-being of the greatest number of people.
Mohism is another form of consequentialism that emerged as a response to the social chaos during ancient China's Warring States period. Founded by Mozi, this ethical system places a heavy emphasis on impartiality and benevolence (rèn), urging individuals to consider the welfare of others equally to their own. This approach sought to enhance social order and harmony by promoting a universal morality.
In contrast to consequentialist theories, non-consequentialist, or deontological theories, such as Kantian ethics and Rawls's Theory of Justice, base the morality of an action on factors other than its consequences. These theories emphasize moral duties and rules, or the intrinsic nature of actions themselves.