Final answer:
IRBs are committees that review and approve research proposals involving human participants, focusing on minimizing risks, informed consent, confidentiality, and the fairness of participant selection. They ensure research is ethical and that the dignity and safety of human subjects are protected.
Step-by-step explanation:
Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) play a critical role in overseeing research that involves human participants. These boards are comprised of administrators, scientists, community members, and sometimes legal experts who are responsible for reviewing and approving research proposals. IRBs ensure that the studies are ethically sound and that the rights, dignity, and safety of human subjects are protected. Key issues of concern for IRBs include minimizing risks to participants, ensuring informed consent, maintaining confidentiality, and evaluating the fairness of participant selection. They are also attentive to the societal importance of the research and the potential benefits it may provide. Special attention is given to projects that may pose greater levels of risk, such as clinical or psychological research. It's essential for researchers to secure IRB approval before initiating their studies, as this not only protects participants but also ensures the research adheres to ethical and legal guidelines. IRBs also play a role in sociocultural research and work in close conjunction with research protocols of Indigenous nations and foreign countries when relevant.