Final answer:
The Ptolemaic dynasty primarily ruled over Egypt, with their reign characterized by a fusion of Greek and Egyptian cultures, significant architectural, military, and economic advancements, and the establishment of Alexandria as a center of learning and trade.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Ptolemaic dynasty primarily ruled over Egypt after Alexander the Great's death. Founded by Ptolemy, one of Alexander's generals, in 305 BCE, this Macedonian Greek royal family maintained control until 30 BCE. The Ptolemies adopted Egyptian traditions and presented themselves as pharaohs to ensure their legitimacy over the Egyptian population. They oversaw a period of prosperity and cultural richness, with Alexandria becoming a hub of learning and trade. Architectural advancements and an emphasis on Greek aesthetics were prominent traits of their reign, while they also managed to keep military and economic control despite various internal and external challenges.