Final answer:
Insulin is the hormone responsible for controlling blood sugar levels, facilitating the absorption of glucose into cells for storage, and inhibiting glucose production in the liver to prevent hyperglycemia. Glucagon is released to raise blood glucose levels when they are too low.
Step-by-step explanation:
The hormone that plays a crucial role in controlling blood sugar levels and managing hyperglycemic (high blood sugar) and hypoglycemic (low blood sugar) responses in the body is Insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and it regulates blood glucose levels by promoting the absorption of glucose into the liver, fat, and muscle cells, thereby converting it to glycogen or fats for storage. Additionally, high levels of insulin inhibit glucose production by the liver, whereas low levels have the opposite effect. This hormone is critical for individuals with diabetes, where improper insulin activity leads to hyperglycemia.
In contrast, glucagon is another hormone released by the pancreas when blood glucose levels fall, stimulating the conversion of glycogen back into glucose to be used by the body. The hormonal regulation of metabolism, specifically the balance maintained by insulin and glucagon, is essential for maintaining homeostasis of blood glucose levels.