Final answer:
Homologous chromosomes do not always contain identical alleles of the same genes.
Step-by-step explanation:
Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs that have the same size, shape, and contain the same genes, but they may have different alleles. Each homologous chromosome comes from a different parent, so the alleles may vary. During meiosis, segments of homologous chromosomes can cross over and exchange genetic material, resulting in a shuffling of alleles. Therefore, a pair of homologous chromosomes does not always contain identical alleles of the same genes, making the statement false.