Final answer:
In expectancy theory, 'instrumentality' refers to the belief that one's performance will lead to specific outcomes, influenced by factors like self-efficacy and various types of needs.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to expectancy theory, instrumentality is a person's perception of the probability that performance will lead to certain other outcomes. Factors like self-efficacy, which is the belief in one's capabilities to execute a task, and different types of needs such as the need for achievement, affiliation, and intimacy, as identified by theorists like Henry Murray, can influence this perception. Ib addition, Abraham Maslow's concept of a hierarchy of needs ranging from biological to social underlines the multifaceted nature of motivation and anticipated outcomes related to performance.