Final answer:
The system where resources are distributed based on ascribed status is aristocracy, which contrasts with meritocracy where advancement is based on ability and effort. Meritocracy theoretically allows the most social mobility, but no pure meritocracy has ever existed due to factors like social capital and inequality. The correct answer is option 1) Meritocracy
Step-by-step explanation:
The word from the list that best fits the definition of a system in which scarce resources and social rewards are distributed on the basis of ascribed statuses is aristocracy. An aristocracy is a form of government controlled by a small class of people born into ruling families, whose social status is typically inherited and not based on individual merit or achievement. This contrasts with a meritocracy, where individuals advance based on their abilities and effort, indicating higher social mobility.
Concerning systems that allow for the most social mobility, a meritocracy would be the answer. In a meritocracy, the distribution of resources and rewards is based on performance and ability rather than ascribed status or birth. Therefore, social mobility is theoretically possible for anyone who demonstrates merit through hard work and talent.
However, it is important to note that a pure meritocracy has never truly existed, as social mobility can be influenced by social factors like connections, education, and family background. Class systems, which are based on achieved status, allow for more social mobility than caste systems, which are rigid and based on ascribed status. But even class systems can be impacted by social capital and inequality, affecting the ideal of a merit-based society.