Final answer:
Social Darwinism does not represent one of the management strategies used by John D. Rockefeller; it is an ideological framework, unlike the actual strategies of horizontal and vertical integration, and the holding company model.
Step-by-step explanation:
The item that does not belong on the list is C. social Darwinism. The question pertains to the management strategies that John D. Rockefeller used in building his oil empire. The correct strategies employed by Rockefeller include horizontal integration and vertical integration, which involve the consolidation of many firms that are in the same business into a single entity and control of the production process from raw material to final product, respectively. Additionally, he used the holding company model to manage his empire by controlling the stock of other companies. However, social Darwinism, which is the application of the theory of natural selection to social, political, and economic issues, is not a management strategy but rather an ideology that influenced the business practices and justifications of that era.