Final answer:
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is the persistent strengthening of synaptic connections, increasing the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron firing, which is crucial for learning and memory.
Step-by-step explanation:
Through long-term potentiation (LTP), synaptic connections strengthen. LTP involves a complex cascade of events, often initiated when Ca²⁺ ions enter the postsynaptic neuron and enhance neurotransmitter release. As a result, postsynaptic glutamate receptors, particularly AMPA receptors, increase in number within the synaptic membrane. This insertion amplifies the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), making the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire in response to presented stimuli. LTP is essential for learning and memory as it is a process that allows for the adaptive strengthening of synaptic efficacy.