Final answer:
Changes in homeland security policies and programs since 2001 have been initiated through the creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the enactment of various acts and initiatives.
Step-by-step explanation:
Since 2001, changes in homeland security policies and programs have been initiated through the creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the enactment of various acts and initiatives. The DHS was established to federalize disaster response power and consolidate powers that were previously under the jurisdiction of different agencies. Acts such as the Patriot Act, Homeland Security Act, and Affordable Care Act have also played a role in implementing new federal policies and mandates to enhance homeland security.