Final answer:
Psychrophiles or cryophiles are the microorganisms that require extremely low temperatures for survival, thriving in environments usually between 0 to 10°C, and in some cases, as low as -10°C.
Step-by-step explanation:
The microscopic organisms that require extremely low temperatures to survive are known as psychrophiles or cryophiles. They thrive in environments with temperatures typically from 0 to 10°C and can sometimes survive in temperatures as low as -10°C. These extremophiles have adapted to cold climates by developing specialized features such as modified membranes and antifreeze compounds. Psychrophiles can be found in locations like Antarctica, where the harsh cold conditions are ideal for their survival. In contrast, alkaliphiles prefer high pH environments, acidophiles thrive in acidic conditions, thermophiles prefer high temperatures (around 40°C), and hyperthermophiles can survive at even higher temperatures, often above 80°C.