Final answer:
Organic compounds are carbon-based molecules integral to life, distinct from inorganic compounds. They can be synthesized artificially, refuting the historical belief in a life-specific vital force. Carbon's covalent bonding allows for an immense number of potential organic compounds.
Step-by-step explanation:
An organic compound is typically defined as a substance containing carbon and is structurally complex compared to inorganic compounds. Contrary to ancient beliefs that these compounds could only be synthesized by living organisms due to a 'vital force', it has been proven that organic compounds can also be created from inorganic materials. This breakthrough was marked by Friedrich Wöhler's synthesis of urea in 1828. The varied covalent bonding capabilities of carbon allow for the creation of numerous complex molecules, leading to a vast number of organic compounds that are integral to life processes.
While most carbon-containing compounds are considered organic, there are exceptions such as carbonates (CO32-), sulfides (S2-), and oxides like carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO), which do not fall under organic chemistry. The distinguishing feature of organic molecules is the carbon-hydrogen bond, which is present in all life forms on Earth. Despite carbon not being one of the most abundant elements on the planet, its unique capability to form up to four strong covalent bonds with other atoms, including itself, underpins the structure of countless organic molecules.