Question

Class or Rank
a. Resolution
b.secularization
c.application
d.stratification

Answer 1

I believe B. SECULARIZATION is the closest to the definition of "class or rank," since the last one refers to science more than it does to "class or rank," itself.

Answer 2

I believe the answer is D. stratification
In sociological term, stratification define the hierarchy that separate each members of social group based on their value/importance in society.
One of the most profound example for this is the Caste system that exist in traditional Indian society.