2. social contract and 4. absolute government
The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679) firmly sustained these ideas in his book named "Leviathan: The Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil (1651).
In the book, the author finds necessary a "social contract", a contract in which all individuals in a society cede their natural rights (even meaning that they had to accept abuses of power) to an absolute government, in order to establish a civil society, receive protection, avoid conflicts, maintain peace and live better.
Without this form of government and without the social contract, people would live in the "state of nature", that is to say, in solitude, insecurity and in a nasty and brutish way, where conflicts would reign.