Spain is the country that established viceroyalities across Mexico, Central America and much of South America.
After Columbus landed on the Americas, the Spanish Monarchy sent forces to colonize the land and extract resources. These new Spanish territories were ruled by representatives of the Spanish king and were known as viceroyalties.
The first viceroyalty created in 1521 and called New Spain consisted of Mexico, parts of the United States and the Philippines.
Then the viceroyalty of Peru were found in 1534 expecting to find gold and others riches. It included modern da Peru and much of the rest of South America apart from Brazil, ruled by the Portuguese.