B) the rediscovery of the Greek and Roman classics, which led to a flowering of art and culture in Europe.
Trade with the Ottoman Empire revealed ancient texts and art to Europeans after centuries of it being hidden from European states.
The Renaissance was a "rebirth" of learning in Europe stemming from the revealing of Greek and Roman classic texts, art, and learning. European thinkers were inspired by the artwork of the ancient empires. This inspired the works of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. Thinkers began translating ancient texts as well as biblical works into everyday language.