The correct answer is B) desertification.
Topsoil loss in semi-arid areas can lead to the ecological problem of desertification.
Scientists affirm that fifty percent of topsoil on Earth has been lost in the last 100 to 150 years. Agriculture techniques that are used to grow crops such as soybean, palm oil, coffee, and cotton, increase soil erosion and the earth cannot maintain the fertility of the land. The consequences are, for instance, nutrient degradation, soil salinity, and the loss of the structure of the soil.