Answer: Option (b) is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
Given that,
Pillows are manufactured in 40-pillow batch sizes
Cutting time = 4 minutes per pillow
Assembly time = 8 minutes per pillow
Takes 10 minutes to move a batch of pillows from cutting to assembly.
Value added lead time = Cutting time + Assembly time 
 = 4 + 8
 = 12 minutes
Non-value added lead time = move time 
 = 10 minutes
Total lead time = Value added lead time + Non-value added lead time
 = 12 + 10
 = 22 minutes
value-added ratio = 

 = 

 = 0.5454
 = 54.5%