The Greeks were first ruled by a monarchy, a king ruled in each polis (city-state) when power slowly shifted to the landowning elites. These elites were often the military defenders of their polis. Greeks moved from a monarchy to an aristocracy. Eventually, a new wealthy merchant class emerged due to expanded trade. In some city-states, an oligarchy replaced the aristocracy when a small group of wealthy elites from the merchant class assumed power. In the city-state of Athens, discontent among the farmers, merchants, soldiers, and other ordinary people led to the slow adoption of a limited form of democracy.
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