Question

Due to ________, early file processing systems were difficult to maintain.

a. frequent software upgrades
b. data dependency between the programs and files
c. complicated tables and fields with no metadata
d. lack of database administrators and IT personnel.

Answer 1

b-data dependency between programs and files

Step-by-step explanation:

The close relationship between data stored in files and the software programs that update and maintain those files. Any change in data organization or format requires a change in all the programs associated with those files.