The White primary, which excluded African Americans from voting in the primary, effectively disfranchised African Americans because of which of the following reasons?
a. Rules prohibited anyone who had not voted in the primary from voting in the general election.
b. The South was solidly Democratic, so winning the Democratic primary was tantamount to election.
c. The South was known for its political corruption.
d. Citizens who did not vote in the primary were forced to pay a large fine to vote in the general election.