Which of the following four steps are used when determining the validity of a scientific claim? Select one: A. formulate a hypothesis, design a study to collect data, analyze the data, report the results B. identify an operational definition, analyze the variables, evaluate the statistical significance, ensure replication C. identify the independent variable, measure the dependent variable, consider confounding variables, determine cause-and-effect relationships D. identify the claim, evaluate the evidence, consider alternative explanations, consider the source of the research or claim