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The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I. Napoleon was defeated at the battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815. He was defeated by a coalition of nations consisting of Prussia, Britain and the Netherlands. His Grand Empire was composed of three major parts: the French Empire, dependent states, and allied states. Significant causes of his downfall included the Continental Blockade, the Peninsular War, the Russian Campaign, and the direct role of Britain. Significant causes of his downfall included the Continental Blockade, the Peninsular War, the Russian Campaign, and the direct role of Britain.