Answer:Marc Bekoff is a renowned biologist and ethologist who has extensively studied the emotional lives of animals. When it comes to using logos in understanding the emotional lives of animals, Bekoff relies on logical reasoning and evidence-based research to support his claims.
Step-by-step explanation
1. Bekoff uses scientific research and observations to demonstrate that animals experience a wide range of emotions, similar to humans. He presents evidence from studies that show animals displaying behaviors associated with emotions like joy, fear, anger, and grief. For example, elephants have been observed showing signs of mourning when a member of their herd dies, which suggests they experience grief.
2. Bekoff also appeals to the logical aspect of logos by highlighting the evolutionary advantages of emotions in animals. He argues that emotions can serve as adaptive responses that help animals navigate their environment, make decisions, and maintain social relationships. For instance, fear can prompt an animal to flee from a predator, ensuring its survival.
3. Another way Bekoff employs logos is by emphasizing the similarities in brain structures and neurochemical processes between humans and other animals. He highlights that many of the brain regions associated with emotions in humans are also present in other species. This biological evidence supports the idea that animals have the capacity to experience emotions.
4. Furthermore, Bekoff acknowledges that some skeptics might argue that animals are simply exhibiting instinctual behaviors rather than experiencing emotions. To counter this argument, he provides examples of animals showing emotional responses that go beyond instinctual reactions. For instance, animals displaying empathy or altruistic behaviors towards others can be seen as evidence of emotional experiences.
In summary, Marc Bekoff uses logos in understanding the emotional lives of animals by relying on scientific research, logical reasoning, evolutionary explanations, and comparisons between human and animal brain structures. He presents evidence that animals exhibit behaviors consistent with emotions and argues for the existence of emotional experiences in animals based on these findings.