Answer:
The charges that atoms make when they bond with other atoms can be determined by looking at their positions on the periodic table. Here is a breakdown of the charges for the given elements in Column A:
1. Calcium (Ca): Calcium belongs to Group 2 on the periodic table, which means it has 2 valence electrons. When calcium bonds, it tends to lose these 2 electrons, resulting in a charge of +2 (answer b).
2. Francium (Fr): Francium belongs to Group 1 on the periodic table, which means it has 1 valence electron. When francium bonds, it tends to lose this electron, resulting in a charge of +1 (answer f).
3. Bromine (Br): Bromine belongs to Group 7 on the periodic table, which means it has 7 valence electrons. When bromine bonds, it tends to gain 1 electron, resulting in a charge of -1 (answer f).
4. Sulfur (S): Sulfur belongs to Group 6 on the periodic table, which means it has 6 valence electrons. When sulfur bonds, it can either gain 2 electrons to have a charge of -2 (answer c) or lose 2 electrons to have a charge of +2 (answer b).
5. Xenon (Xe): Xenon belongs to Group 8 on the periodic table, which means it has 8 valence electrons. Xenon is a noble gas and tends to not form bonds with other atoms. Therefore, it does not typically have a charge (answer a).
6. Carbon (C): Carbon belongs to Group 4 on the periodic table, which means it has 4 valence electrons. When carbon bonds, it can either gain 4 electrons to have a charge of -4 (answer h) or lose 4 electrons to have a charge of +4 (answer h).
7. Phosphorous (P): Phosphorous belongs to Group 5 on the periodic table, which means it has 5 valence electrons. When phosphorous bonds, it tends to gain 3 electrons, resulting in a charge of -3 (answer d).
8. Boron (B): Boron belongs to Group 3 on the periodic table, which means it has 3 valence electrons. When boron bonds, it tends to lose 3 electrons, resulting in a charge of +3 (answer e).
To summarize:
Calcium (Ca): +2 (b)
Francium (Fr): +1 (f)
Bromine (Br): -1 (f)
Sulfur (S): -2 (c) or +2 (b)
Xenon (Xe): 0 (a)
Carbon (C): -4 (h) or +4 (h)
Phosphorous (P): -3 (d)
Boron (B): +3 (e)