Answer: With frequency-dependent selection, the highest mortality can be expected in individuals with rare traits (Option 4).
Step-by-step explanation:
Frequency-dependent selection occurs when the fitness of a particular trait depends on its frequency in a population. In other words, the survival and reproductive success of individuals with a specific trait are influenced by how common or rare that trait is within the population.
When a trait is rare, individuals possessing it may have a disadvantage in terms of survival and reproduction. This can be due to various reasons, such as increased vulnerability to predation or difficulties in finding mates. As a result, individuals with rare traits may experience higher mortality rates compared to individuals with more common traits.
On the other hand, individuals with more common traits may enjoy a selective advantage. For example, if a certain prey coloration becomes common, predators may become more efficient in detecting and capturing individuals with that coloration. This shift in selective pressures can result in higher mortality for individuals with the once-common trait.
In summary, with frequency-dependent selection, the highest mortality can be expected in individuals with rare traits, as they may face disadvantages and increased vulnerability compared to individuals with more common traits.