Here are the functions of the listed cell components:
1. **Nucleus:** The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and serves as the control center of the cell, regulating gene expression and cell activities.
2. **Cell Membrane:** The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell, maintaining cell integrity and regulating cell transport.
3. **Mitochondria:** Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell, where cellular respiration occurs, producing ATP (energy) for the cell's metabolic processes.
4. **Ribosomes:** Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, where they read mRNA and assemble amino acids into proteins.
5. **Cell Wall:** In plant cells and some bacterial cells, the cell wall provides structural support, protection, and rigidity to the cell.
6. **Chloroplasts:** Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and are the site of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy (glucose) using chlorophyll.
7. **Vacuole:** Vacuoles store water, ions, and various substances, contributing to cell turgor pressure and waste removal.
8. **Chromosomal DNA:** Chromosomal DNA contains the cell's genetic information and is responsible for maintaining cell characteristics and inheritance.
9. **Plasmid DNA:** Plasmid DNA is found in some prokaryotic cells and can carry additional genes that may provide selective advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.
10. **Flagella:** Flagella are whip-like appendages that some cells use for locomotion. In prokaryotes, they help in bacterial motility, while in eukaryotic cells, they enable movement in some specialized cell types, such as sperm cells.