Exchange of Goods: It introduced new foods (e.g., potatoes, tomatoes) to the Old World and Old World crops (e.g., wheat, sugarcane) to the Americas. Animals, resources, and precious metals were also exchanged.
Cultural Exchange: Languages, cuisines, and ideas blended. Words from Indigenous languages entered European languages, culinary traditions evolved, and religious and philosophical ideas were shared.
Disease Transmission: European diseases devastated Indigenous populations without immunity, leading to widespread epidemics.
Environmental Impact: The exchange of species disrupted ecosystems, with some becoming invasive.
Economic Impact: Precious metals from the Americas fueled European exploration and global trade, shaping modern capitalism.
In essence, the Columbian Exchange transformed societies, cultures, and economies worldwide, but also had devastating consequences for Indigenous populations and long-term environmental and economic effects.