Answer:
b) Feudalism
Step-by-step explanation:
The economic system that Heathen Greeks, Old Testament Jews, and Christians of the Middle Ages were all against is b) Feudalism.
Heathen Greeks, who lived in ancient Greece, did not have a centralized economic system like feudalism. Instead, they had a city-state model where individual city-states operated with their own economies.
Old Testament Jews, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible, practiced a system that was more focused on agrarian societies and communal ownership of land. They did not have a feudal system with lords and vassals.
During the Middle Ages, Christianity played a significant role in shaping economic and social structures. The Church emphasized communal values and criticized the hierarchical structure of feudalism, which concentrated power and wealth in the hands of a few lords.