Final answer:
The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system, brain, skin, and associated structures. The peripheral nervous system develops from the neural crest, and the ectoderm also forms the central nervous system via the neural tube.
Step-by-step explanation:
The structures of an embryo that are derived from the ectoderm include the nervous system and the brain. This primary germ layer is responsible for the development of several body systems, but notably, it gives rise to the entire nervous system, both central and peripheral. Alongside the nervous system, the ectoderm is also responsible for the formation of the skin and associated structures.
The endoderm is the primary germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems.
The mesoderm gives rise to structures such as muscles, bones, and the circulatory system, contrary to the information provided.
Regarding the development of the peripheral nervous system, this is associated with the neural crest, a group of cells that differentiate from the ectoderm. The neuroectoderm also gives rise to non-nervous tissues such as the retina. Lastly, the central nervous system originates from the ectoderm, specifically from a region called the neural tube that forms early in embryonic development.