Step-by-step explanation:
Functional groups are specific arrangements of atoms or groups of atoms within organic molecules that impart characteristic chemical properties to those molecules. Here are 50 functional groups commonly encountered in organic chemistry:
1. Alkane (-CH3)
2. Alkene (-CH=CH-)
3. Alkyne (-C≡C-)
4. Alkyl (-CH2CH3)
5. Aldehyde (-CHO)
6. Ketone (-C(=O)-)
7. Carboxylic Acid (-COOH)
8. Ester (-COOR)
9. Ether (-O-)
10. Amine (-NH2)
11. Amide (-CONH2)
12. Nitrile (-C≡N)
13. Hydroxyl (-OH)
14. Thiol (-SH)
15. Sulfide (-S-)
16. Disulfide (-S-S-)
17. Halide (-X, X = F, Cl, Br, I)
18. Nitro (-NO2)
19. Azide (-N3)
20. Phosphine (-PH3)
21. Alkyl Halide (-CX3, X = F, Cl, Br, I)
22. Epoxide (-OCH2O-)
23. Azo (-N=N-)
24. Imine (-C=N-)
25. Enamine (-C=C-N-)
26. Cyanate (-OCN)
27. Isocyanate (-NCO)
28. Thiocyanate (-SCN)
29. Sulfonic Acid (-SO3H)
30. Sulfonyl Chloride (-SO2Cl)
31. Nitroso (-NO-)
32. Hydroperoxide (-OOH)
33. Peroxide (-O-O-)
34. Semicarbazone (-NH-NHC(=O)-NH2)
35. Hydrazine (-NHNH2)
36. Imino (-NH-C(=NH)-NH2)
37. Carbamate (-NH-C(=O)-O-)
38. Guanidine (-NH-C(=NH)-NH-C(=NH)-NH2)
39. Azide (-N3)
40. Azomethine (-C=N-N=C-)
41. Azonitrile (-N=N-C≡N)
42. Azoxy (-N=N-O-O-)
43. Azonium (-N=N+-)
44. Azonium Salt (-N3+)
45. Isocyanide (-C≡N)
46. Sulfinyl (-SO-)
47. Sulfoxide (-S(=O)-)
48. Sulfone (-S(=O)2-)
49. Disulfide (-S-S-)
50. Dithioether (-S-S-)